"First, I was in one country but faced problems there. Then, I was hunted in another country. Now, I'm in a third country, where I'm safe and hidden. I don't disclose my location or movements."

With these words, well-known Pakistani journalist, Sabir Shakir, opens up his first YouTube video after exiting Pakistan.

The Shift to YouTube: Exiled Pakistani Journalists Redefine Journalism 

Shakir, known for his incisive political journalism, built a distinguished career in traditional media, notably with leading news organisations like ARY News. His decision to go into exile followed a wave of investigations launched against him and several other journalists.

In June 2023, Pakistani authorities accused Shakir of terrorism, alleging that he incited violence from abroad during the May 9, 2023, protests. These protests erupted following the controversial arrest of former Prime Minister Imran Khan and led to a significant crackdown on demonstrators. Many view the charges against Shakir as baseless, designed to silence his critical voice against the government. Shakir revealed to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) that these investigations marked the beginning of this perilous journey. Now, living in exile, Shakir remains aware of the long reach of Pakistani authorities, forcing him to adopt a cautious and secretive lifestyle.

Despite the physical separation from his homeland, his dedication to journalism continues, finding a new outlet in the digital realm of YouTube. This platform allows Shakir to continue his work without the constraints of censorship or state interference that plagued his career in Pakistan.

Despite the physical separation from his homeland, his dedication to journalism continues, finding a new outlet in the digital realm of YouTube

Through YouTube, Shakir uses the platform’s global accessibility and freedom to inform and engage a broad audience. His videos dive into controversial and sensitive issues such as government corruption, political dynamics, and the military's influence in civilian affairs—topics often glossed over or avoided by mainstream Pakistani media. Shakir's detailed analyses and willingness to confront taboo subjects have attracted a substantial following, with his videos reaching millions of views.

Shakir’s story is just one example of many Pakistani journalists who have had to escape Pakistan because of rising threats and censorship. However, the rise of digital platforms like YouTube has provided a crucial lifeline, enabling them to maintain their voices and reach audiences far beyond the constraints imposed by their native government.

Another prominent Pakistani journalist who has also turned to YouTube amid security threats is Moeed Pirzada. Known for his sharp political insights and in-depth interviews, Pirzada was a well-recognised face on Pakistan's television screens before he found it necessary to go into exile. The turning point for Pirzada came in 2022, after the tragic killing of fellow journalist Arshad Sharif in Kenya, an event that highlighted the increasing dangers faced by outspoken journalists in Pakistan. In one of his initial vlogs after his departure in 2022, he announced:

"I am no longer in Pakistan. I have returned to my YouTube Vlog after four days of travelling. My location is constantly changing. Believe me, I am not in Kenya; I am in a much better and safer country, the UK."

Despite the urgency implied in his relocation, Pirzada didn't emphasise any specific threats against him, choosing instead to focus on the general media crackdown in Pakistan. He refrained from directly attributing his move to threats, instead highlighting the growing hostility towards independent journalism that prompted his decision to leave.

Now, Pirzada continues his work from exile, beginning each YouTube video with the phrase:

"This is Moeed Pirzada, travelling across the United States."

A phrase that reflects his ongoing commitment to journalism despite having to travel around often.

It was only one year later, on June 14, 2023, that he tweeted:

"I left Pakistan on October 25th under fear of my life! After the murder of TV anchor Shaheed Arshad Sharif (Kenya, October 23), I lived under this fear and reported to a policing organisation to protect myself and my family, which includes two young daughters."

The motivations driving these journalists to continue their work in exile are rooted in a deep commitment to journalistic principles and a belief in the power of information to effect change

The tweet further states that, a baseless FIR (First Information Report) was filed against him and fellow journalist Sabir Shakir, alleging that they incited terrorism and violence during the May 9th events in Pakistan. He says that this accusation came 35 days after the protests, and seems strategically timed to create grounds for lodging complaints in international cities like London and New York.

"I had also left written instructions to my lawyers in Pakistan to represent me for the cases that were registered before and that were expected later, as it is happening now! (as I anticipated) And I will be seeking serious legal help here too to fight back these false & baseless charges!" The tweet continued.

"We, the journalists (whose role in modern society is to criticize unlawful misuse of power), are being targeted to create fear and to silence us!"

Despite this, through his YouTube channel, Pirzada continues to dissect the intricate tapestry of Pakistani politics, providing viewers with a unique perspective informed by both his insider knowledge and his newfound outsider status.

The rise of digital platforms like YouTube has provided a crucial lifeline, enabling them to maintain their voices and reach audiences far beyond the constraints imposed by their native government

Wajahat Saeed Khan, another distinguished Pakistani journalist in exile, also transitioned to YouTube, where his channel dedicated to political affairs boasts around 205,000 subscribers. His candid and insightful approach has garnered a significant and engaged audience. In an interview with the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Khan revealed that he believes Pakistani authorities are using the aftermath of the May 9, 2023, protests as a justification to target him and other outspoken journalists.

We, the journalists (whose role in modern society is to criticize unlawful misuse of power), are being targeted to create fear and to silence us!

During the same period of these protests, popular Pakistani TV host and senior journalist Aftab Iqbal was arrested and subsequently released. He stands out as one of the few journalists who courageously critiques authorities and comedy shows alike. The exact reasons for his departure have not been fully disclosed, but it coincided closely with the arrests and mirrors a broader trend of increasing constraints and risks faced by media figures in Pakistan. Despite relocating, Iqbal successfully continues his YouTube channel from Dubai, steadfast in his commitment to independent journalism and comedy.

In previous years, Gul Bukhari, a vocal critic of the Pakistani establishment, was abducted briefly in 2018, prompting her to seek safety abroad. From her new base in the United Kingdom, Bukhari launched her YouTube channel, where she fearlessly tackles controversial topics with the same fervour she displayed while working within Pakistan. Her videos provide a platform for dissenting voices and shed light on issues that mainstream media in Pakistan often ignores.

Challenges Faced by Exiled Journalists on YouTube 

The motivations driving these journalists to continue their work in exile are rooted in a deep commitment to journalistic principles and a belief in the power of information to effect change.

However, the road to establishing a presence online is not without its obstacles. Exiled journalists often grapple with limited resources, lack of institutional support, and the constant threat of online harassment and censorship. Moreover, they must navigate the complexities of operating in a digital space, where algorithms, platform policies, and online trolls can prevent their reach and impact.

Running a YouTube channel involves navigating a complex landscape of financial challenges. Journalists may encounter difficulties in monetizing their channels due to factors such as demonetization, limited ad revenue in certain regions, and the controversial nature of their content. YouTube's algorithms and policies can be unpredictable, leading to the demonetization of videos that touch on sensitive topics or challenge prevailing narratives. Exiled journalists may struggle to rely solely on ad revenue as a source of income.

The Power of Independent Journalism in the Digital Era

Despite these challenges, the YouTube channels hosted by exiled Pakistani journalists deliver crucial news and analysis, reaching audiences across Pakistan and globally. By bypassing traditional media and state censorship, they present alternative viewpoints. The move from traditional journalism to YouTube marks a major change for them. Unlike traditional media, which is bound by strict editorial guidelines and often influenced by advertisers or government control, YouTube offers a free and open platform. This newfound freedom allows them to adopt a more personal and direct style of communication.

In addition to adapting their reporting styles and content to fit the digital platform, exiled journalists also engage with their audience in new and innovative ways on YouTube. Through features such as live streaming, comments sections, and social media integration, they are able to foster a sense of community and dialogue with their viewers, creating a more interactive and participatory experience. This direct engagement allows journalists to build trust and credibility with their audience, establishing themselves as trusted sources of information in an era of widespread misinformation and fake news.

Unlike traditional media, which is bound by strict editorial guidelines and often influenced by advertisers or government control, YouTube offers a free and open platform

A 65+ year-old British-Pakistani woman who recently relocated to Karachi expresses a sentiment resonating with many, stating:

"I no longer watch Pakistani news channels; they tend to exaggerate and cover up everything. The real stories come from these anchors and journalists who have left Pakistan and are now on YouTube."

These YouTube channels have earned high credibility among their audiences. Unlike mainstream media, which can sometimes be seen as biassed or compromised, exiled journalists often bring extensive experience, expertise, and a strong commitment to integrity. Many have built their reputations through years of courageous journalism, gaining the trust of their viewers by consistently prioritising truth and accountability. As a result, their YouTube channels are viewed as reliable sources, offering insightful perspectives on important issues.

These Pakistani journalists, transitioning from prominent TV figures to influential YouTubers, exemplify a remarkable spirit of resistance. Despite facing significant threats and challenges, they continue to use their platforms to illuminate critical issues and hold powerful entities accountable. Their resilience and dedication serve as a beacon of hope for others in the world facing similar challenges.

By refusing to be silenced, exiled Pakistani journalists demonstrate the enduring power of journalism: to inform, educate, and drive change. Their journeys remind us that seeking truth and justice is a fundamental human right, one that transcends borders and fights against oppression.