البث المباشر بمحاولة الانقلاب التركي.. شاهد عيان جديد

البث المباشر بمحاولة الانقلاب التركي.. شاهد عيان جديد

عادت محاولة الانقلاب العسكري الفاشل على الحكم في تركيا (16 يوليو/تموز 2016) لتكون حدثاً جديدة يؤكد ازدياد فاعلية وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وأدواته المتجددة في خدمة الصحافة والصحفيين وفي تحريك الرأي العام وحشد الجماهير من كافة أنحاء العالم ليكونوا جزءاً من حدث آني فارق ومؤثر.
وإلى جانب استخدام مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي من فيسبوك وتويتر خاصة، كأداة لنقل الأخبار وجمعها عبر استخدام هاشتاغ موحد، استخدمت خدمة البث المباشر في موقع فيسبوك وميزة الـ "بريسكوب" في موقع تويتر بشكل مكثف لم يحصل خلال الأحداث الأمنية التي عاشتها تركيا في الفترة الأخيرة.

فبالإضافة إلى نقل الخبر مكتوباً، تمكّن الناشطون والصحفيون الذي تواجدوا في أنحاء المدن التركية من استخدام هواتفهم الذكية لنقل المشهد بشكل مباشر، ومنهم من اختار التعليق عليه ومنهم من لم يفعل. وعليه، شهد ملايين من مستخدمي فيسبوك وتويتر الحدث بشكل مباشر أثناء وجودهم في مكان آمن، ودون تخطيط مسبق، مما يثبت فعالية أداة البث المباشر للتفاعل الفوري مع الأحداث المفاجئة وتعويض غياب وسائل الإعلام التقليدية لنقل الأحداث.

ولم يقتصر استخدام أداة البث المباشر على المواطنين والصحفيين الذين تواجدوا صدفة وسط الأحداث فقط، فقد استخدمتها أيضاً قناة "تي ار تي وورلد" التركية الناطقة بالإنجليزية بعد التشويشات التي حصلت وأدت لانقطاع بث القناة عبر التلفاز، فبثّت عبر صفحتها في موقع فيسبوك لمدة تزيد عن ساعة ونصف من الاستوديو، وكررت ذلك فيما بعد لنقل الصورة من الميدان بحسب مراسليهم.

وإن أردنا النظر بتمعن للتغييرات التي تجريها أداة البث المباشر على تجربة المتلقي في متابعة الأحداث، فيمكن الوقوف عند عدة نقاط. أولاً كون البث عن طريق موقع فيسبوك أو تويتر فإن كل فرد بالمجتمع الافتراضي لديه القدرة على أن يكون قريباً من الحدث بنفس المقدار، أي كغيره من المستخدمين المهتمين بغض النظر عن مكانه جغرافياً. وفي حين يمكنّنا الحضور لقلب الحدث من متابعة تفاصيله في مكان معين، تعطي خاصية البث المباشر الفرصة للمشاهد مستخدم فيسبوك أو تويتر لمتابعة مجريات أحداث آنية في عدة أماكن بنفس الوقت، مما يجعله على اطّلاع أكبر ويشكّل لديه مشهدا بانورامياً يجمع قطع الحدث الكبير المركّب.

من جانب آخر، نظراً لأن البث المباشر يتم عبر شبكة اجتماعية وليس قناة تلفزيونية وعلى يد شهود عيان ومستخدمين غير متخصصين في الغالب، فهو يقلل من الرقابة المفروضة على المعلومة ويخلّص المشاهد من الوقوع في فخ التوجيه الذي تحاول جميع وسائل الإعلام فرضها على المشاهد بطرق متعددة منها انتقاء المشاهد المعروضة وتحرير المقاطع المصورة لحدث معين واختيار زوايا التصوير وإرفاق التعليق الصوتي الموجّه.

واستناداً لأن البث المباشر يؤدي في جوهره لنقل الأحداث كما هي دون توجيه مقصود أو مونتاج، ومن زاوية نظر شاهد العيان، فهو يساهم في التحقق من الخبر المنقول عبر شهود العيان لوسائل الإعلام الرسمية، الذين اعتادوا على استقبال شهادات الناس عبر الاتصالات أو الكلمات دون أن يتسنى لهم دائماً التحقق من دقة المعلومة. وعليه فإن وجود أداة البث المباشر تساهم في التحقق من المعلومات والأخبار، وتقلل خطر الوقوع في الأخطاء المهنية أثناء التغطية.

وفي هذا السياق يطرح سؤال حول إمكانية إيجاد مصطلح جديد مثل "شاهد العيان الافتراضي"، الذي يشير لمستخدم فيسبوك أو تويتر المتابع للبث المباشر من قلب الحدث ويمكن أن يتحول لناقل موثوق للمعلومة كونه شهدها فور حدوثها وعاش تجربة مشابهة إلى حد كبير لتجربة المصوّر. وفي نفس السياق يمكن القول إن تفعيل أداة البث المباشر عبر مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي التي تحولت لمجتمعات افتراضية واسعة النطاق وكثيرة العدد، يفتح المجال أمام تغيير وتوسعة تعريف شاهد العيان ليشمل المتابع الافتراضي المتفاعل فورياً مع الأحداث.

More Articles

Nepali Journalists Trapped Between “GenZ” Protest and State Crackdowns

Nepali journalists are under attack on two fronts: facing violence from protesters in the streets while also being targeted by government crackdowns, restrictive laws, and political interference that threaten press freedom.

Sumaiya Ali
Sumaiya Ali Published on: 12 Sep, 2025
Interview with Zina Q. : Digital Cartography as a Tool of Erasure in Gaza

Amid Israel’s war on Gaza, Zina Q. uncovers how Google Maps and satellite imagery are being manipulated; homes relabelled as “haunted,” map updates delayed, and evidence of destruction obscured, revealing digital cartography itself as a weapon of war. By exposing these distortions and linking them to conflicts from Sudan to Ukraine, she demonstrates how control over maps and AI surveillance influences not only what the world sees, but also what it remembers.

Al Jazeera Journalism Review
Al Jazeera Journalism Review Published on: 6 Sep, 2025
I Don’t Want You to Be a Journalist, Mama”. Do Gaza’s Journalists Have the Luxury of Absence?

Does the Palestinian journalist in Gaza have the freedom to simply “step away”? How do they navigate the balance between their professional responsibilities and their family life? And to what extent does the duty to report justify the personal cost of being separated from one’s loved ones? Journalist Jenin Al-Wadiya sheds light on the deeply human details that rarely make it to the screen.

Jenin Al-Wadiya
Jenin Al-Wadiya Published on: 31 Aug, 2025
The Continent Experience: A New Kind of Newspaper for the Future of Journalism

The Continent is a new way of empowering people through quality journalism, blending the authority of newspapers with the reach of 21st-century distribution. Readers love it. That’s why we built it. It’s a model other newsrooms can learn from and one that comes with its own set of challenges.

Sipho Kings
Sipho Kings Published on: 28 Aug, 2025
Intersections of Journalism and Social Sciences in the Field

The field is where journalism and the social sciences meet at their most dynamic edge. As the world grows more complex, journalists increasingly take on the role of sociologists, without abandoning their core mission to question power and expose uncomfortable truths. By drawing on the methods and insights of social science, journalism deepens its coverage, grounds stories in real-world contexts, and resists the temptation of surface-level narratives.

Mohammed Ahddad
Ahdad Mohamed Published on: 23 Aug, 2025
Anas Al-Sharif’s Killing and the Israeli Media Narrative

Following the assassination of journalist Anas Al-Sharif, Palestinian journalists have been framed in Israeli media as legitimate military targets—part of a deliberate strategy to silence those who bear witness to the truth. This article explores how Hebrew-language media outlets have engaged in rhetoric that incites and legitimises the killing of journalists in Gaza.

Anas Abu Arqoub
Anas Abu Arqoub Published on: 19 Aug, 2025
New Media Reforms in Bangladesh Introduced to Replace Hasina-Era Journalism

Bangladesh’s interim government, led by Muhammad Yunus, has launched ambitious media reforms to undo the legacy of Sheikh Hasina’s 15-year rule, which was marked by censorship, media monopolies, and the notorious Digital Security Act. However, despite promises of greater freedom, journalists remain wary, as self-censorship, restrictive laws, and public scepticism continue to cast doubt on genuine change.

Sumaiya Ali
Sumaiya Ali Published on: 17 Aug, 2025
Monitoring of Journalistic Malpractices in Gaza Coverage

On this page, the editorial team of the Al Jazeera Journalism Review will collect news published by media institutions about the current war on Gaza that involves disinformation, bias, or professional journalistic standards and its code of ethics.

A picture of the Al Jazeera Media Institute's logo, on a white background.
Al Jazeera Journalism Review Published on: 11 Aug, 2025
The Washington Post: When Language Becomes a Veil for Pro-Israel Bias

How did The Washington Post's coverage differ between Israel’s bombing of Gaza hospitals and Iran’s strike on an Israeli hospital? Why does the paper attempt to frame Palestinian victims within a “complex operational context”? And when does language become a tool of bias toward the Israeli narrative?

Said Al-Azri
Said Al-Azri Published on: 6 Aug, 2025
The Human Story in Gaza: The Deadly Dilemma of “Who Do We Tell About?”

In the accelerating context of genocide, is the “pace” of death in Gaza outstripping journalists’ ability to capture human stories? How can they be expected to take their time crafting narratives amid hunger, displacement, and death? And to what extent can postwar documentation hold journalistic value in preserving collective memory and pursuing accountability for the perpetrators?

Mirvat Ouf
Mirvat Ouf Published on: 3 Aug, 2025
The Battle to Keep Journalists Alive in Gaza

Hungry journalists covering the story of starvation in Gaza, surviving on salt to stay alive, selling their work equipment to secure a “sack of flour” for their children, shedding the “shame” of publicly asking for food, and enduring the harshest media environment just to maintain “continuous coverage”.

Mona Khodor
Mona Khodor Published on: 26 Jul, 2025
Balancing Productivity and Privacy: How Female Journalists Use AI Chatbots

Female journalists in Jordan are harnessing AI chatbots to boost productivity, enhance digital safety, and find emotional support, but their growing reliance also raises critical concerns about privacy, ethics, and the responsible use of emerging technologies in journalism. This article explores how these tools are reshaping their workflows while navigating the challenges of trust and accountability.

Afnan Abu Yahia
Afnan Abu Yahia Published on: 20 Jul, 2025
From "Death Announcement" to "Eulogy": The Obituary as a Journalistic Genre

Obituaries for influential public figures have become a recognised journalistic genre, handled by seasoned reporters in major media outlets. How did this practice evolve, what defines it professionally, and how ethically acceptable is writing obituaries in advance?

Mahfoud G. Fadili
Mahfoud G. Fadili Published on: 17 Jul, 2025
Canadian Mainstream Media’s Orientalist Stance Towards Palestinians

Canadian mainstream media manufactures consent to support Israel through biased language, withholding historical context, and conflating any criticism of the Israeli state with antisemitism. When the Canadian mainstream media covers the question of Palestine, they usually frame it as a religious issue and withhold the historical and socio-political context.

Sarah Samuel
Sarah Samuel Published on: 14 Jul, 2025
Bias by Omission: How Israeli Occupation Crimes Are Filtered in Western Media

Western media coverage of the war on Gaza does not stop at bias in what it chooses to publish; it practices a deeper form of bias: bias by omission. Testimonies are excluded, massacres are marginalized, and the narrative is reshaped to serve a single version of events. This analysis explores how “gatekeepers” in Western newsrooms play a direct role in silencing the Palestinian voice and entrenching the Israeli narrative.

Mohammad Zeidan
Mohammad Zeidan Published on: 11 Jul, 2025
From Rwanda to Palestine: How Media Becomes a Partner in Genocide

July 4 each year coincides with Liberation Day in Rwanda, which marks the end of the genocidal war against the Tutsi. This article explains the reasons behind the media’s neglect of the genocide and how the press failed to help prevent it. It also offers a critical perspective on how the same practices are being reproduced in coverage of the genocidal war on Palestine.

Mohammed Ahddad
Ahdad Mohamed Published on: 5 Jul, 2025
How Much AI is Too Much AI for Ethical Journalism

As artificial intelligence transforms newsrooms across South Asia, journalists grapple with the fine line between enhancement and dependency

Saurabh Sharma
Saurabh Sharma Published on: 1 Jul, 2025
How to Tell the Stories of Gaza’s Children

Where does compassion end and journalism begin? How can one engage with children ethically, and is it even morally acceptable to conduct interviews with them? Palestinian journalist Reem Al-Qatawy offers a profoundly different approach to human-interest reporting. At the Hope Institute in Gaza, she met children enduring the harrowing aftermath of losing their families. Her experience was marked by intense professional and ethical challenges.

Rima Al-Qatawi
Rima Al-Qatawi Published on: 26 Jun, 2025
How Is Western Media Framing the Famine Catastrophe in the Gaza Strip?

Can the media subject the issue of famine in Palestine to so-called professional balance even after UN agencies and the International Court of Justice have acknowledged it? Why have many Western media outlets avoided precise legal and ethical terms such as “famine” or “starvation,” opting instead for vague expressions like “food shortage” or “nutrition crisis”? Doesn’t this practice reflect a clear bias in favor of the Israeli narrative and serve to justify the policy of “systematic starvation”?

Fidaa Al-Qudra
Fidaa Al-Qudra Published on: 23 Jun, 2025
Do Foreign Journalists Matter in Covering Genocide? A Look into Bosnia, Rwanda, and Gaza

How did foreign journalists cover the killings in both Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda? Did they contribute to conveying the truth and making an impact? Would the entry of foreign journalists into the Gaza Strip change the reality of the ongoing genocide? And would their coverage of the famine and massacres add to the daily coverage of local journalists? Why is the local press's coverage of wars seen as deficient compared to Western journalism, even though they incur greater losses and casualties?

Saber Halima
Saber Halima Published on: 20 Jun, 2025
Newspapers: An Industry Adapting to Survive Through Digital Transformation

As digital transformation reshapes the media landscape, newspapers in Cameroon are navigating unprecedented challenges and opportunities. This evolution compels them to adapt their strategies to engage a new generation of readers amidst fierce online competition, decreasing government subsidies, and a decline in print sales.

Akem
Akem Nkwain Published on: 16 Jun, 2025
The Mental Toll on India’s Minority-Focused Freelance Journalists

Freelance journalists in India, particularly those reporting on marginalised communities and conflict zones like Kashmir, endure immense emotional and psychological strain, often without any institutional support. What are the hidden costs of reporting on violence, where telling the truth can come at a steep personal price?

Hanan Zaffa
Hanan Zaffar Published on: 10 Jun, 2025
The Role of Social Science Tools in Enhancing Journalism

When French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu was asked about the contribution of the suburbs to elections, he replied that decades of colonialism and complex problems cannot be summarised in 10 minutes. The value of social sciences in supporting journalism is demonstrated when they address issues of society, power, and identity for the sake of better journalism.

Rehab Zaheri
Rehab Zaheri Published on: 6 Jun, 2025
Journalism Colleges in Somalia: A Battle for Survival

Journalism colleges in Somalia are struggling to survive due to outdated curricula, lack of practical training, insufficient funding, and a shortage of qualified educators, leading to declining student enrollment and interest. Despite efforts by institutions like Mogadishu University and Hormuud University to revive journalism education, these challenges persist, threatening the future of journalism in the country.

Al-Shafi Abtidon
Al-Shafi Abtidon Published on: 30 May, 2025