هل الصحافة تنتمي إلى العلوم الاجتماعية؟

هل الصحافة تنتمي إلى العلوم الاجتماعية؟

 

فضاء القراء. مساحة جديدة لقراء مجلة الصحافة للتفاعل مع المقالات  بمقاربة نقدية، أو لتقديم مقترحاتهم لتطوير المحتوى أو اقتراح مواضيع يمكن أن تغني النقاش داخل هيئة التحرير.
المساهمة الأولى للزميل محمد مستعد  الذي يقدم قراءته النقدية في مقال  "تقاطعات الصحافة والعلوم الاجتماعية في الميدان" للكاتب محمد أحداد، مناقشا حدود انفتاح الصحافة على العلوم الاجتماعية وموقفها "النضالي" من تحولات السلطة والمجتمع.

 

شكرا على المقال الغني  الذي يفتح باب النقاش حول قضية أساسية هي علاقة الصحافة بعلم الاجتماع. هذه العلاقة ينبغي أن تبقى دائما مطروحة على رأس جدول أعمال مجلة الصحافة، بشكل يسمح لها بأن تظل منبرا منفتحاً في آن واحد على الصحفيين (المنغلقين داخل مكاتبهم ووسط قصاصاتهم) وعلى الأكاديميين (علماء الاجتماع المنغلقين داخل مختبرات البحث). وهذا دور أساسي نادراً ما تقوم به المجلات المتخصصة في الصحافة والإعلام.

أوحى لي المقال ببعض الأفكار، التي أشاركها معكم:

- ثورة 1968 كانت - في العمق - تجسيدا لتقاليد فرنسية عريقة ومعروفة للمثقف الملتزم وللأدوار الخاصة التي تقوم بها الصحافة منذ -على الأقل - قضية "دريفوس" مع الموقف الشهير للروائي إميل زولا الذي عبر عنه في مقاله الشهير: J’accuse  هذه التقاليد تكشف عن دور الصحافة باعتبارها واجهة للنقاش العمومي المفتوح في المجتمع حول كل القضايا. وهذا ما يميز الصحافة عن علم الاجتماع، أي أن الصحافة يمكن أن تحتضن عالم الاجتماع، أو الكاتب، أو الفنان أو السينمائي ... وتعطيه مساحة للتعبير عن رأيه.

 

-  صحيح -كما يقول المقال - أنه "في البحث الميداني يكون الصحفي ملتصقا أكثر بالواقع وأقدر على إنتاج معرفة تحترم شروط الحقيقة الموضوعية"، ولكن من المفروض أيضا أن على عالم الاجتماعي أيضا أن يقوم بالدور نفسه وأن يذهب إلى الميدان للتحقيق والتنقيب وليس فقط التنظير. (فالصحافة والعلوم الاجتماعية تستعملان نفس أدوات البحث: الملاحظة المباشرة – الأسئلة – الاستطلاع...). وهذا أمر نادر في العالم العربي وخصوصا في المغرب اليوم؛ حيث إن ما نلاحظه هو أن عالم الاجتماع في منطقتنا أصبح في الغالب يقف في الخلف متفرجا على هذا الواقع وعلى قضايا حرية التعبير أو تحولات المجتمع العميقة، في حين أن الصحفي هو من يقف وحده في الواجهة يحاول متابعة تحولات هذا الواقع رغم أن حرية التعبير -مثلا- هي قضية وجودية تهم أيضا عالم الاجتماع.

-  صحيح أن هناك "خضوعا من قادة غرف الأخبار للنخب السياسية حسب وصف سيرج حليمي" لكن علماء الاجتماع أيضا يعيشون نفس الوضع ويخضعون للنخب السياسية ويقدمون لهم الخبرات والتقارير للسيطرة على المجتمع. وهو ما كتبه أحداد في خلاصة المقال: "ينبغي النظر إلى وظيفة العلوم الاجتماعية في تقاطعها بالصحافة من باب أنّ وظيفتها هي خدمة المجتمع وليس السيطرة عليه.".

-  لا أدري إن كان من الممكن تصنيف الصحافة ضمن العلوم الاجتماعية. أعتقد أن الصحافة لها مهام نضالية نوعا ما ولعل أبرز مثال على ذلك هي الافتتاحية أو زاوية الرأي التي تكتب في الصحف. في العلوم الاجتماعية ليست هناك افتتاحيات أو زاوية رأي، لكن يمكن لعالم الاجتماع أن يأخذ موقفا معينا من قضية معينة كما كان يفعل ريمون آرون عندما كان ينشر مقالات في صحافة اليمين مثل "لوفيغارو" ضد مواقف الاشتراكيين أو ضد الاتحاد السوفياتي... إلخ

-   ربما كان من المفيد تقديم تعريف بسيط لموريس بريتون. هل هو كاتب؟ صحفي؟ أم عالم اجتماع. أنا شخصيا لم أكن أعرفه.

 

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