Al Jazeera Journalism Review

Award-winning journalist Glenn Greenwald listens to questions during a press conference before the start of a protest in his support in front of the headquarters of the Brazilian Press Association on July 30, 2019.

Glenn Greenwald explores how journalism can stop authoritarianism in Bolsonaro's Brazil

In his upcoming book, Glenn Greenwald details his investigation into high level corruption in the far-right government of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, and outlines the reporting that has shaken the country’s political arena and perhaps proven to be even more consequential than his previous work on the Snowden files.

Greenwald’s “Securing Democracy: My Fight for Press Freedom and Justice in Bolsonaro’s Brazil,” due to be released on April 6th, is a testament to how a free and adversarial press is crucial to stop the rise of authoritarianism, and the challenges Greenwald has faced in combating its rise. 

“Securing Democracy” tells the story of how the Pulitzer-winning journalist uncovered thousands of leaked chats exchanged on the Telegram app between prosecutors and judges in Operation Car Wash, the anti-corruption probe that reshaped politics in Brazil in the latter half of the 2010s and contributed decisively to Bolsonaro's rise to power.

It is hard to overstate Operation Car Wash’s historical importance in Brazil. 

What started as an inquiry into money laundering at a car wash service in Brasília ended up uncovering a sprawling network of corruption in the country’s state-owned oil company Petrobras. This web of corruption encompassed politicians from across the spectrum and businesspeople from the country’s construction sector. The scandal also impacted political figures in at least a dozen other countries in Latin America and Africa where corrupt Brazilian companies operated.

Car Wash imprisoned dozens of powerful men and recovered more than 4 billion reais (US$ 700million) in bribes, winning broad popular support in a country that had become accustomed to impunity for the rich and powerful. 

National news outlets offered unrelenting praise for the prosecutors, federal police officers and lead judge Sergio Moro, depicting them as moral crusaders cleansing the country of corruption. Using aggressive investigation tactics and leniency deals that, according to Greenwald, encouraged defendants to turn against other targets of the prosecutorial team, Car Wash arrested part of the political and economic elite that ruled the country since its return to democracy in 1985. 

But through Greenwald’s revelations, it later became evident that Car Wash’s most coveted target was former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the popular leader of the Workers’ Party. Lula, the top contender for the October 2018 presidential elections, was arrested six months prior to the vote over corruption accusations and thus was prohibited from running for office. With the front-runner removed from the race, Bolsonaro found a clear path to the presidency and invited Sergio Moro to become his Justice minister—an apparent quid pro quo for the judge who arrested his biggest political rival, according to Greenwald.

That Operation Car Wash had forever changed the history of Brazil by enabling the rise of the authoritarian Bolsonaro movement was evident, and few people, including the Supreme Court, dared to challenge Moro’s authority. 

Moro had become the most popular political figure in the country, perhaps even more influential than Bolsonaro himself, and was touted as a potential presidential candidate. As Justice minister, he attempted to expand his unorthodox law and order tactics, for example by proposing an infamous “anti-crime bill” that, among other things, would give carte blanche for police officers to shoot at suspects. The judge-turned-minister eventually quit the government accusing Bolsonaro of interfering in investigations of corruption by members of the presidential family.

Moro’s meteoric rise was interrupted, however, when Greenwald obtained files from an anonymous source claiming to have hacked the private communications of Car Wash prosecutors and Moro himself. The leaked messages—published in a series of articles beginning in June 2019 by Greenwald and his then-colleagues at The Intercept Brasil, and later by partner media outlets—exposed serious malpractice by members of the Brazilian judiciary, who abused their authority in order to persecute political opponents and to prevent the center-left Workers’ Party from returning to power.

Among other things, the leaked messages showed that Moro had systematically instructed Car Wash prosecutors in secret and coordinated the leak of strategic information to the press, aiming to manipulate public opinion. 

“What we found was stunning. The truth of the most extreme conspiracy theories that the loyalists of Lula’s party had long harbored about these prosecutors and Moro—many of which I had doubted—was fully evident from what they were doing and saying in secret,” writes Greenwald in the book. 

The American journalist also reflected on the difficulty of verifying leaked information, writing: “When you receive a gigantic cache of secret information, or even if you receive more traditional leaks from a source who wants to remain anonymous, you can work to obtain high confidence in the authenticity of the material … But you can never prove the negative: that nothing has been altered, fabricated, or forged. That was the lesson learned by the New York Times throughout 2003 and 2004, when it became clear that much of the leaked information they were publishing about Saddam Hussein’s weapons program was false.”

Greenwald paid a heavy price for revealing Operation Car Wash’s misdoings. He suffered physical attacks and has been the target of an online defamation campaign by Bolsonaro’s supporters. Since the publication of the first stories, the American journalist and his family have had to live under heavy security detail, and cannot leave their house in Rio de Janeiro without armed bodyguards and a bulletproof vehicle.

The president himself has made deeply homophobic comments about Greenwald and publicly threatened to arrest him as a retaliation for his journalism—Brazil’s prosecutor’s office accuses him of conspiring with the hackers that stole information from Car Wash, but have been unable to arrest Greenwald thanks to a Supreme Court order protecting his journalistic activity.

While press freedom violations are not a novelty in Brazil, journalists working for mainstream outlets, not to mention foreign reporters, have not faced this level of hostility since the dark days of the military dictatorship (1964 – 1985). When Greenwald was reporting on the Snowden case from his Brazilian home in 2013, he did not face any backlash from local authorities, despite a history of collaboration with US intelligence agencies. In many ways, Greenwald is a witness of the decline of Brazilian democracy and the growing threats to press freedom under president Bolsonaro.

Despite these attacks, Greenwald’s reporting, together with The Intercept Brasil’s team, had made an impact that may help protect Brazilian democracy in the long run. Their work exposed serious flaws in Brazil’s justice system and helped reverse injustices perpetrated by Operation Car Wash. Last March, the Supreme Court annulled Car Wash cases against Lula and declared Moro suspicious in his rulings against the former president, thus restoring his political rights.

“Securing Democracy” is not only a book by one of the world’s most well-known investigative journalists, it is also a historical account of Brazil’s democratic decline and how independent journalism can help prevent the rise of authoritarianism.

“I have no doubt that the revelations we were able to bring to the public strengthened Brazilian democracy in an enduring and fundamental way”, writes Greenwald. “In many ways, I regard the dangers and threats we faced as vindication that we fulfilled our core function as journalists: to unflinchingly confront those who wield power with transparency, accountability and truth.”

 

Securing Democracy 

Author: Glenn Greenwald

Publisher: Haymarket Books

Release date: April 6th, 2021

*Picture: Award-winning journalist Glenn Greenwald listens to questions during a press conference before the start of a protest in his support in front of the headquarters of the Brazilian Press Association on July 30, 2019. (AP- Ricardo Borges).

More Articles

Challenges of Investigating Subculture Stories in Japan as a Foreign Correspondent

Japan's vibrant subcultures and feminist activists challenge the reductive narratives often portrayed in Western media. To understand this dynamic society authentically, journalists must approach their reporting with patience, commitment, and empathy, shedding preconceptions and engaging deeply with the nuances of Japanese culture.

Johann Fleuri
Johann Fleuri Published on: 24 Jun, 2024
Monitoring of Journalistic Malpractices in Gaza Coverage

On this page, the editorial team of the Al Jazeera Journalism Review will collect news published by media institutions about the current war on Gaza that involves disinformation, bias, or professional journalistic standards and its code of ethics.

A picture of the Al Jazeera Media Institute's logo, on a white background.
Al Jazeera Journalism Review Published on: 12 Jun, 2024
How AI Synthesised Media Shapes Voter Perception: India's Case in Point

The recent Indian elections witnessed the unprecedented use of generative AI, leading to a surge in misinformation and deepfakes. Political parties leveraged AI to create digital avatars of deceased leaders, Bollywood actors

Suvrat Arora
Suvrat Arora Published on: 12 Jun, 2024
The Rise of Podcasting: How Digital Audio Is Revolutionising Journalism

In this age of digital transformation and media convergence, podcasts stand out as a testament to the enduring power of journalism—a medium that transcends borders, sparks conversations, and brings the world closer together.

Anam Hussain
Anam Hussain Published on: 6 Jun, 2024
A Report on Systematic Retaliation Against Journalists Criticizing the War on Gaza

A report from the National Writers Union details incidents and testimonies about approximately 100 journalists who faced retaliatory actions from their institutions due to their positions on the ongoing Israeli war on Gaza and their public criticism of the mainstream Western media's failure to adequately cover this war.

Mohammad Zeidan
Mohammad Zeidan Published on: 27 May, 2024
Fighting Misinformation and Disinformation to Foster Social Governance in Africa

Experts in Africa are using various digital media tools to raise awareness and combat the increasing usage of misinformation and disinformation to manipulate social governance.

Derick Matsengarwodzi
Derick Matsengarwodzi Published on: 22 May, 2024
Press Freedom in Multiple EU Countries on the "Verge of Collapse" Reports Show

The European Civil Liberties Union's Media Freedom 2024 report highlights a decline in press freedom and media pluralism in several EU countries, with calls for comprehensive reforms. The report also points out biases in Western media coverage of the Israeli offensive in Gaza, including restrictions on certain terms and unbalanced reporting. It raises concerns about diminishing media pluralism, journalist prosecution and surveillance, and declining public trust in the media.

A picture of the Al Jazeera Media Institute's logo, on a white background.
Al Jazeera Journalism Review Published on: 13 May, 2024
Your Words Are Your Weapon — You Are a Soldier in a Propaganda War

Narrative warfare and the role of journalists in it is immense; the context of the conflict, the battleground has shifted to the realm of narratives, where journalists play a decisive role in shaping the narrative.

Ilya
Ilya U Topper Published on: 21 Apr, 2024
The Perils of Journalism and the Rise of Citizen Media in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia's media landscape is grim, with low rankings for internet and press freedom across the region. While citizen journalism has risen to fill the gaps, journalists - both professional and citizen - face significant risks due to government crackdowns and the collusion between tech companies and authorities to enable censorship and surveillance.

AJR Contributor Published on: 6 Apr, 2024
Orientalism, Imperialism and The Western Coverage of Palestine

Western mainstream media biases and defence of the Israeli narrative are connected to orientalism, racism, and imperialism, serving the interests of Western ruling political and economic elites. However, it is being challenged by global movements aiming to shed light on the realities of the conflict and express solidarity with the Palestinian population.

Joseph Daher
Joseph Daher Published on: 1 Apr, 2024
Ethical Dilemmas of Photo Editing in Media: Lessons from Kate Middleton’s Photo Controversy

Photoshop—an intelligent digital tool celebrated for enhancing the visual appearance of photographs—is a double-edged sword. While it has the power to transform and refine images, it also skillfully blurs the line between reality and fiction, challenging the legitimacy of journalistic integrity and the credibility of news media.

Anam Hussain
Anam Hussain Published on: 26 Mar, 2024
Silenced Voices: The Battle for Free Expression Amid India’s Farmer’s Protest

The Indian government's use of legal mechanisms to suppress dissenting voices and news reports raises questions about transparency and freedom of expression. The challenges faced by independent media in India indicate a broader narrative of controlling the narrative and stifling dissenting voices.

Suvrat Arora
Suvrat Arora Published on: 17 Mar, 2024
Breaking Barriers: The Rise of Citizen Journalists in India's Fight for Media Inclusion

Grassroots journalists from marginalized communities in India, including Dalits and Muslims, are challenging mainstream media narratives and bringing attention to underreported issues through digital outlets like The Mooknayak.

Hanan Zaffa
Hanan Zaffar, Jyoti Thakur Published on: 3 Mar, 2024
Why Journalists are Speaking out Against Western Media Bias in Reporting on Israel-Palestine

Over 1500 journalists from various US news organizations have signed an open letter criticizing the Western media's coverage of Israel's actions against Palestinians. They accuse newsrooms of dehumanizing rhetoric, bias, and the use of inflammatory language that reinforces stereotypes, lack of context, misinformation, biased language, and the focus on certain perspectives while diminishing others. They call for more accurate and critical coverage, the use of well-defined terms like "apartheid" and "ethnic cleansing," and the inclusion of Palestinian voices in reporting.

Belle de Jong journalist
Belle de Jong Published on: 26 Feb, 2024
Artificial Intelligence's Potentials and Challenges in the African Media Landscape

How has the proliferation of Artificial Intelligence impacted newsroom operations, job security and regulation in the African media landscape? And how are journalists in Africa adapting to these changes?

Derick Matsengarwodzi
Derick Matsengarwodzi Published on: 18 Feb, 2024
Media Blackout on Imran Khan and PTI: Analysing Pakistan's Election Press Restrictions

Implications and response to media censorship and the deliberate absence of coverage for the popular former Prime Minister, Imran Khan, and his party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), in the media during the 2024 elections in Pakistan.

Anam Hussain
Anam Hussain Published on: 14 Feb, 2024
Digital Battlegrounds: The New Broadcasting Bill and Independent Journalism in India

New legislation in India threatens the freedom of independent journalism. The draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 grants the government extensive power to regulate and censor content, potentially suppressing news critical of government policies.

Safina
Safina Nabi Published on: 11 Feb, 2024
Pegasus Spyware: A Grave Threat to Journalists in Southeast Asia

The widespread deployment of spyware such as Pegasus in Southeast Asia, used by governments to target opposition leaders, activists, and journalists, presents significant challenges in countering digital surveillance. This is due to its clandestine operations and the political intricacies involved. The situation underscores the urgent need for international cooperation and heightened public awareness to address these human rights infringements.

AJR Contributor Published on: 5 Feb, 2024
Media Monopoly in Brazil: How Dominant Media Houses Control the Narrative and Stifle Criticism of Israel

An in-depth analysis exploring the concentration of media ownership in Brazil by large companies, and how this shapes public and political narratives, particularly by suppressing criticism of Israel.

Al Jazeera Logo
Rita Freire & Ahmad Al Zobi Published on: 1 Feb, 2024
In-Depth Analysis Reveals Distortion in U.S. Media's Coverage of the Gaza Conflict

A new quantitative analysis by The Intercept reveals the extent of distorted coverage in American media of the Israeli war on Gaza.

A picture of the Al Jazeera Media Institute's logo, on a white background.
Al Jazeera Journalism Review Published on: 14 Jan, 2024
In the Courtroom and Beyond: Covering South Africa's Historic Legal Case Against Israel at The Hague

As South Africa takes on Israel at the International Court of Justice, the role of journalists in covering this landmark case becomes more crucial than ever. Their insights and reporting bring the complexities of international law to a global audience.

Hala Ahed
Hala Ahed Published on: 12 Jan, 2024
Did the NYTimes Manipulate the Sexual Violence Allegations of October 7?

An in-depth examination of the New York Times's investigation of alleged sexual assaults by Hamas during the Israeli war on Gaza, highlighting ethical concerns, and the impact of its reporting on the victims' families. It questions the journalistic integrity of the Times, especially in the context of Western media's portrayal of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

A picture of the Al Jazeera Media Institute's logo, on a white background.
Al Jazeera Journalism Review Published on: 7 Jan, 2024
Is The New York Times Reproducing Allegations of 'Sexual Violence' to Downplay Israeli Crimes?

The New York Times' report on alleged sexual violence by Palestinian militants raises profound concerns about discrepancies in key testimonies and a biased reporting that aligns with Israeli narratives and downplays Israeli crimes in Gaza.

Mohammad Zeidan
Mohammad Zeidan Published on: 31 Dec, 2023
Does international law protect Palestinian journalists?

International humanitarian law provides some protection for journalists, but there is a lack of effective measures against crimes committed against them. The Israeli occupation's impunity and lack of accountability for war crimes against civilians, including journalists, is a crisis for international law.

Badia Al-Sawan
Badia Al-Sawan Published on: 12 Dec, 2023